Sergei Utechin: A Global Highlander

By Anastasiia Popova

Sergei Vasyl’evich Utechin, a historian of Russian history at Penn State, resided in Highlands from 1971 to 1976, and that was probably the quietest part of his life. He was born in 1921 in the USSR, underwent Romanian and German occupation during the Second World War, received his first doctoral degree at Kiel University in Germany, and soon thereafter was selected for a stipend in Oxford. In Great Britain, he worked with such noted academics as Alec Nove, Leonard Shapiro, and Isaiah Berlin and published widely. Utechin moved to the United States in 1968. Here, he was recognized not only as a brilliant mind but also as a brilliant teacher. Having been influenced by many cultures, he nevertheless remained a Russian patriot and hoped that one day Russia would be free. The story of Utechin has two parts: on the one hand, of an extremely talented, “outstanding” person, but on the other, of a common man forced into emigration. 

Early Life

Sergei Vasyl’evich Utechin was born on 18 December in the village of Tenki, Republic of Tatarstan, in the Volga region in the Soviet Union. He came from a family of teachers and was the older of two children; his sister, Vera, was born three years later.¹  1921 was a year of famine in the USSR, and Utechin recalled his parents’ words about “American aid,” which he later recognized referred to the American Relief Administration, led by President Herbert Hoover. He thought it might have saved his life. 

Otherwise, Tenki was a rich village that used advanced agricultural machinery imported from Germany. Utechin went to school with the children of German workers (who resided in the village to assist with machinery maintenance) and even with the children of American communists. Utechin therefore learned, to varying degrees of proficiency, four languages: his native Russian, Tatar, German, and English. German was taught in the school from the fifth grade, but to learn English, his parents arranged private lessons for young Utechin.

Overall Utechin did not think highly of the Soviet schools in the 1920s. In his opinion, Soviet education was largely ruined as conventional content-based methods of teaching were abandoned and project-based strategies were adopted instead. Utechin’s parents were indignant after hearing during one parent’s meeting that “only the most reactionary teachers could still teach spelling.” 

His academic successes Utechin attributed to the love of reading. His parents had a good library that included works by classical Russian and Ukrainian writers, such as Pushkin and Gogol, as well as historical works. Utechin found the latter very helpful at times when the most used textbook at school was the one written by Marxist historian Mikhail Pokrovsky.²

1939-1949: Moscow State University, German Labor Camp, Graduate Study at Kiel University

Utechin achieved excellent grades in school and being an “otlichnick” (the Russian term for a straight “A” student) he was able to get into Moscow State University in 1939 with only an oral interview; non-“otlichnicks” had to take an entrance examination. It did not mean effortless entrance, however. Only one of seven interviewed “otlichnicks” was accepted and Utechin remembered that he felt bad as if he took the spot from the other six applicants.³

Utechin attended Moscow State University from September 1939 through August 1941. He participated in “kruzhki” (clubs), which discussed the current domestic political situation. Utechin considered his interest in Lenin began then, as he thought: “Certainly Stalin, all that, was wrong. But had Lenin always been wrong?” Almost ten years later, while a graduate student attending Kiel University, Utechin would arrive at the conclusion that Lenin, indeed, had always been wrong.

Moscow State University students (including Utechin) talked of forming the “Party of Democratic Rebirth of Russia” (“Partiya Democraticheskovo Vozrozhdenia Rossii“). These students were dissatisfied with the Soviet regime and [privately] discussed possible plans to get rid of Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the USSR Communist Party. Utechin recalled that they were inspired by the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course—the main textbook at the USSR at that time—which gave them the idea to convince the guards at the Kremlin to arrest all the communists during the Supreme Soviet session (“Verkhovnii Sovet”). No actions were taken to implement this plan.

Not all such acts went unpunished. On October 2, 1940, Utechin intended to deliver a speech at a trade union (“profsouz”) meeting, one highly critical of anti-worker educational measures recently mandated by the Soviet government. But the meeting was canceled, and instead, the Komsomol (the Communist Youth League) Secretary of the Department was sent to the University dormitories with propaganda. Utechin “vented his sentiments” to him and, a couple of days later, was summoned to Lubyanka, where he was questioned by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD. He was released, but interrogation led to an attempt in 1941 to expel him from the Komsomol in absentia. Utechin’s friends stood up for him, and the attempt failed.⁴

Utechin wrote of his experiences as a student at Moscow State University in a 1955 article titled “Reflections of A Former Student.” In “Reflections,” Utechin divided his professors into three categories. The first type was the propaganda men, like Professor Deratani, who “began his course of lectures on classical Greek Literature with the words ‘Comrades! Engels has said . . .’!”.  A second category, such as Professor Pankratova, would try to stick to the facts but nevertheless invariably suggest politically relevant [and politically correct] interpretations. Utechin considered himself lucky to have a number of professors—some of whom had just returned from exile—from the third category, those who had “the right ideas about the nature and aims of academic work” and kept “the traditions of scholarship” alive.⁵

In September 1941, Utechin was appointed as a teacher in Krasnodar Krai, in the North Caucasus region, even though by then he only finished two years of university by then. The area was occupied, first by Romanians, then by Germans. In November 1943, Utechin was captured by Nazi soldiers and deported to the German forced labor camp connected to the Krupp shipyards. At the War’s end, Utechin was freed by British forces, who soon was visited by Soviet officials. Utechin remembered his anger when two SMERSH officers told the prisoners that “the homeland had forgiven you.” Utechin’s intention, even after that, was to return to the Soviet Union, but—upon hearing that returning Soviet citizens were being sent to the Gulag—he instead remained in the British-occupied zone in Germany.

He would not return to Russia until 1992, but he remained a patriot, never seeking citizenship of either the United Kingdom, Germany, or the United States, and wrote abundantly for “Posev,” a journal of the anti-Soviet National Alliance of Russian Solidarists. Many years later, giving an interview in Russia, he exclaimed:

“Don’t you understand, I wanted to return to my homeland, I did. But to my homeland, not to the camp. I was already sick of it in Germany.” 

“Вы поймите, я хотел вернуться на родину, хотел. Но на родину, а не в лагерь. Он мне и в Германии надоел.”

Utechin then entered Kiel University and received a Ph. D. in philosophy in 1949. Later that same year he accepted a stipend to study at Oxford University, taking up residence in Oxford, England, in February 1950.⁷

1950s to the Late 1960s: Oxford University, Guest Lecturing in the United States

While at Oxford, Utechin became a student of noted Russian-born Jewish-British political philosopher Isaiah Berlin. Berlin’s ideas influenced Utechin’s life and work. In the early 1960s, Utechin wrote his most well-known books: Everyman’s Concise Encyclopaedia of Russia (published in 1961); his 1963 translation of Lenin’s 1903 pamphlet, What Is To Be Done?; and Russian Political Thought: A Concise History (1963). Several commentators at the time described A Concise History as unorthodox but new and insightful. In Great Britain, he also wrote “The ‘Preparatory’ Trend in the Russian Revolutionary Movement in the 1880s” – an article about continuity in the Russian Revolutionary movement, the most brilliant of his academic writings, in the opinion of his student Semion Lyandres.⁸

Utechin personally knew Alexander Kerensky, a member and a head of Russia’s Provisional Government that ruled Russia following the overthrow of the Romanov monarchy and prior to the Bolshevik coup. Utechin helped Kerensky with writing his last book and considered him a great speaker.⁹

At Oxford, he met his first wife, Patricia Rathbone.  They announced their engagement on March 19, 1951, and on January 11, 1952, their son Nicholas Rathbone Utechin was born. (Nicholas became a renowned expert on Sherlock Holmes and produced many radio programs for the BBC).¹⁰

In 1965, Utechin got a permanent lecturer job at the University of Glasgow, became the editor of an academic journal, Soviet Studies, where he published numerous political and academic works, and in the opinion of his former student, Semion Lyandres, could have gotten a long-term academic appointment at Oxford University, too. But Utechin did not want to wait.¹¹

Between 1964 and 1969, Utechin had research/guest lectureship jobs at several American universities (including the University of Kansas, Indiana University, and Stanford University).¹² During his first visit to the United States, Utechin, being adventurous, took a cross-country bus trip. In Arizona, he met a member of a local Native American tribe, who found the Russian engaging and amusing—and, then, invited Utechin to a dinner with the chief and helped him find a bus again the next day.¹³

On this same trip, the already divorced Utechin met Marina Pavlovna Tinkoff (Stragus) at Stanford’s Hoover Library. She was a librarian there while he was doing research. Marina Pavlovna was a Russian émigré (her father was an official with White Russian leader Admiral Alexander Kolchak) who came to the United States to study library science at Mills College in Oakland, California. They soon married. Tinkoff had a teenage daughter at the time, Tatiana, who was the child of Tinkoff’s first marriage with Alexander Alexandrovich Tinkoff.¹⁴

Utechin at Penn State: His Teaching Style

Utechin taught at The Pennsylvania State University from 1969 till his retirement in 1984. His area of specialization was Russian history, and he was a member of Penn State’s Department of History. From the start, he held the post of full professor and was granted four years towards tenure—although the head of the department of history, Kent Forster, initially requested five, four was the maximum possible amount at Penn State.¹⁵

During his time at Penn State, Utechin did not publish much and instead focused on teaching. The Penn State history courses that Utechin taught included (among others): “History 141 – survey of Medieval and Modern Russian History”; “History 502 – Historiography Seminar for Ph.D. Candidates”, “History 442 – Russia to 1801.”¹⁶ His longtime colleague in Penn State’s History Department (and fellow Russian History specialist), George Enteen, noted, in a recent interview with the author, that Utechin was popular, spoke well, and attracted graduate students.¹⁷

One such student, Walter Uhler, shared Enteen’s highly favorable assessment of Utechin’s teaching and positive influences on his students. He agreed that in each class Utechin was able to inspire one or two persons to study Russian history. After taking classes with Utechin as an undergraduate, Uhler became a graduate student in Penn State’s History Department in the 1970s. Utechin was Uhler’s graduate adviser and dissertation supervisor, and Uhler served as a teaching assistant for Utechin for several terms.

However, Uhler also called Utechin “a very eccentric” person. He recalled that sometimes Utechin would pace the classroom when lecturing, bump into the table, turn around, and apologize to the table. Utechin thought highly of people, sometimes overestimating them. Combined with his eccentricity, it could scare students. According to Uhler, Utechin “was always astounded when he encountered stupidity” and would “clutch his heart” if a student offered ill-informed comments. In his TA role, Uhler talked with the class before they met Utechin—and explained that they should not be afraid to engage with the professor; that he meant no ill will, he was just genuinely shocked when students did not do their part.

Utechin was eccentric in other ways as well. Several former colleagues recalled that he was often reading while walking through the campus, making everyone around afraid that he would collide with a pole or get hit by a car. One time, he was reading a dissertation of one of his doctoral students (George Saladei) in a bathtub and dropped it.

Utechin could be harsh in his evaluations. He distinguished sharply between “sources”(primary sources) and “studies” (secondary sources). Russian historians have a tradition of writing historiographical introductions to their articles, where they examine the existing studies on the topic. For one assignment, Utechin wanted students to do exactly that, without talking about primary sources. However, every single graduate student included a primary source. Each time, Utechin went nuts and canceled the whole session. Undergraduate student Uhler was the only one not to make that mistake, so he became dear to Utechin.

However, Uhler was not always up to Utechin’s strict requirements. On one occasion Uhler presented his paper on anarchism at Utechin’s seminar. Utechin invited five professors from various outside departments to attend, and they tore the paper apart. Uhler said that although it helped him in the long run, he was not able to acknowledge it back then.

Despite that, Utechin did not care much about grades and was willing to give an “A” to students who were serious and put in the effort. Uhler, again, attributed this to Utechin’s tendency to overestimate people.¹⁸

Living Beyond the Highlands–And Utechin’s Personality Beyond the Classroom

The Utechins lived in the Highlands district from 1971 to 1976. Their house was located at 464 East Foster Avenue. In the words of his colleague, it looked very Russian. It was old-fashioned and had pictures of nature on the walls.¹⁹ Most of the rooms were bright but in brown colors; the kitchen had not been remodeled since the house was built in 1931 and had linoleum counters.

However, the most noticeable feature was the abundance of books. According to Mrs. Gloria Rosenberger, who bought the house from the Utechins, books were everywhere except the kitchen, on the high bookshelves, some of which Utechin made himself.  Each room had soft chairs, a space heater, and a lamp to read. Utechin also converted his garage into a library. When moving, Utechin estimated that the East Foster Avenue house contained 50,000 books.²⁰

At Penn State, Utechin held at his home the “legendary” two-semester seminar – or “floating salon”, as Uhler called it – to which graduate and undergraduate students, as well as professors from various Penn State departments and other universities, were invited.²¹ The topic of discussion was usually students’ papers or something that was in the news, while beverages and refreshments were served.²² Everyone was encouraged to speak in a language that was not their native.²³ In their obituary for Utechin, Enteen and Lyandres said that: “thanks to their unusually broad outlook and knowledge, perfect mastery of the historical method, and rare spiritual qualities, the Utechins managed to create a unique, friendly atmosphere of a genuine scientific community.”²⁴

Utechins had a dog named “Sobaka” (“dog” in Russian).²⁵ They fed it by placing an open can of food on the floor; it was often scattered and messy, with remnants under the fridge and sofas. According to neighbors, Utechin, wearing a bathrobe, walked his dog every morning, doing laps in the backyard. He built an enclosure of chicken wire to prevent Sobaka from escaping.²⁶

 The backyard was overgrown; everything was covered in grass. There were plants: honeysuckle, lilacs, and tiger lilies (and the tiger lilies remain to this day).²⁷ Although Utechin grew up in the village, he had no experience in gardening. Initially, he went to a local nursery to get assistance in identifying plants; not too many years later, Utechin helped those at the nursery with plant identification. He said part of the fun was discovering the root origins of the names of the trees, which he learned in many languages.²⁸

Utechin’s love for languages did not stop at learning plant names. On his biographical data form (filled out for Penn State in 1970), Utechin stated that he read “[a]ll Slavic, Germanic, and Romance languages as needed for research.”²⁹ Later in life, Utechin also learned Hebrew, Arabic, and Farsi, according to Lyandres.³⁰ He was able to learn a language with just a grammar book and dictionary. Once, when asked, “How many languages do you speak?” Utechin replied, “I don’t know.”³¹

The Utechins lived in Highlands until 1976 and then moved to College Heights, where he stayed until 1984.³² n 1984, however, still vigorous Utechin had to retire. His stepdaughter, Tatiana, had health problems. She had studied at St. Hugh College at Oxford University, completing a thesis titled “Decorative Metalwork in South Russia during the Roman period” and publishing an article titled “Ancient painting from South Russia: the rape of Persephone at Kerch.”³³ But in 1983, Tatiana became severely ill with diabetes and had to return to the United States. Pennsylvania’s climate was not good for her health, and Marina Pavlovna went to care for her daughter in California. A year later, Sergei Vasyl’evich followed.³⁴ Tatiana died two years later, in 1986.³⁵

Life After State College–And Utechin’s Political Views

 The Utechins lived in Menlo Park, California, close to Stanford University. Utechin continued his academic work. In the late 1980s, together with Marina Pavlovna, he edited the diaries of the famous Soviet historian U.V. Got’e, which were first published with his extensive comments in 1991-1992, then as a book in 1997. Utechin resumed his interest in Russian politics, got elected to the NTS (National Alliance of Russian Solidarists) leadership and contributed articles to its journals. Utechin returned to Russia in 1992 for the first time in many decades and that same year re-established his Russian citizenship. He visited Russia on several more occasions during the mid-1990s. While there, Utechin delivered lectures at the invitation of the Russian State Humanitarian University and New Humanitarian University.³⁶

How might one characterize Utechin’s political views?

His student Semion Lyandres described Utechin as someone who abhorred nationalism and antisemitism; as a pacifist and left-liberal—who hated the “Cheka” (the Soviet secret police during Lenin’s time) with a passion, calling them “nerukopozhatnye” (meaning the ones with whom you would not shake hands).³⁷ Initially, Utechin presumably supported utopian socialism (not Marxist socialism), but Isaiah Berlin disabused him of that, though Lyandres assumed that Utechin might still sympathize with this worldview.³⁸ Uhler once said to him that he understood the reasons why the USSR occupied Eastern Europe; he thought it was because they did not want to be invaded again, as it happened with Hitler, to which Utechin replied, “You are more Russophile than I am”.³⁹ This did not mean Utechin did not love his homeland – as already noted, he refused to accept citizenship of the U.S., saying, “If I should lie [by saying I love America], I might as well be in Russia.”⁴⁰

Utechin’s Last Students

Utechin continued to be a mentor to young historians, including Dr. Semion Lyandres. Lyandres met Utechin at Stanford in the late 1980s, and Utechin soon invited him to his tiny Menlo Park house. Utechins lived across the cemetery; Tanya was buried there, and Marina Pavlovna was able to visit her every day.

There was a huge, uncut yard—complete wilderness. Lyandres had to ring the bell for a long time to enter. One went through the terrace into a tiny living room with books everywhere. The furniture was old, brought from the State College house. In the middle was situated a table – like a marble coffee table, but big, also covered with books. There was always a bottle of cheap Californian sherry, which, in Utechin’s words, reminded him of Oxford sherry. Just around the corner, there was a tiny dining room with a table again covered in books. 

After one or two hours of conversation, Marina Pavlovna would come out to invite everyone for supper, books would disappear, and during the meal, Utechin would teach Lyandres table manners. Other rooms included a bedroom, a study, another bedroom where Nicholas had stayed when he visited, and a tiny kitchen where not even two people could stand. 

Nothing in the house worked; it was falling apart, but it was charming because of the hosts and the atmosphere. Utechin had a strong Volga accent, and Marina Pavlovna always smoked at the backdoor, hoping that smoke would go outside. They had cats, wild cats whom they adopted. Cats were given the best food and treated like people. Utechin was never a formal mentor for Lyandres but an informal one, and Lyandres stayed until two or three in the morning, talking about history, law, and languages.⁴¹

In 1997, Uhler and Enteen interviewed Utechin about his life. Uhler felt honored that Utechin was willing to entrust his legacy to him, as Utechin had already declined similar offers. Then Uhler split an infinitive, and downcast Utechin exclaimed: “I am trusting my legacy to you?!” Uhler regarded Utechin as a second father; he, in return, considered Uhler a second son.

In the 1990s-early 2000s, Utechin continued to follow the ideas of Berlin—and dedicated the last years of his life to the dissemination of his mentor’s views, believing that it would be impossible to build a free Russia without them.⁴²

In the latter 1990s, with his health failing and no longer able to visit Russia, Utechin spent a lot of time on the internet, discussing the same ideas of freedom, law, liberalism, liberal solidarism, and the Russian future. He established a Synergetic Virtual University, an online Russian university, where he read lectures. When talking about it, he said: “I imagine this seminar to be open but small. Serious. Without laziness, vulgarity, crudeness.”⁴³ It was hard for him to type answers; sometimes, he took hours to reply, and in other cases, he had to take a break, but he was always serious about discussions.  Utechin participated in political debates as well. From the beginning of Vladimir Putin’s rise to prominence, Utechin heavily disliked him and criticized, for example, his speech on December 20, 2001—”Checka day”, as he called it.⁴⁴

“I imagine this seminar to be open but small. Serious. Without laziness, vulgarity, crudeness.”

“Семинар мне видится открытым, но немногочисленным. Серьёзным. Без халтуры, пошлости, похабства.”  

In 2000, Utechin wrote an article for the journal Voprosy Philosophii, focusing on the life and ideas of Isaiah Berlin and calling for the translation of his works into Russian. In this article, Utechin highlighted what he thought were central elements in Berlin’s philosophy: the distinction between “positive freedom” (freedom that could be used to serve good values) and “negative freedom” (freedom from coercion). Berlin (and Utechin) believed that “negative freedom” must take precedence to form a good and truly free society. The most influential Berlin’s contribution, however, was to Utechin his “rebellion” against the then-prevalent idea that all good values could be combined. As Utechin described it, “not all freedom is compatible with law, equality and justice, not all solidarity – with freedom and law.” Sometimes you have to choose one over the other.

Former Penn State History colleague Enteen called Utechin “jovial and warm,” as well as “honest, honorable, and seeking to help people”. Mrs. Rosenberger, the new owner of his house, only spoke with him briefly, nevertheless said that he was very friendly and accommodating. For Dr. Lyandres, Utechin was both a portrait of his generation and an outstanding person.⁴⁵

Sergei Vasyl’evich Utechin died on 11 July 2004 in Stanford University Hospital after suffering a stroke on 20 May.⁴⁶

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Semion Lyandres, Dr. George Enteen, Mrs. Gloria Rosenberger and Mr. Walter Uhler for providing information. You can also read Uhler’s obituary in English at this link.

Anastasiia Popova is a senior Penn State student majoring in History, focusing on Russian and German history. She is interested in political thought and the history of liberalism. You can contact her at akp5896@psu.edu.

1. “General Register Office; United Kingdom; Reference: Volume 6b, Page 1284,” 2008, Ancestry.com, Online (accessed on 21 May 2024).  Andrey Morozov, Утехин С. В. Интервью. [Utechin S.V. Interview.], 1992, rrpolit.narod.ru/svu/interview.htm (accessed on 23 May 2024). Walter Uhler, Sergei Vasilievich Utechin’s “You Tube” Reflections on Isaiah Berlin, 2019, https://www.opednews.com/populum/page.php?f=Sergei-Vasilievich-Utechin-by-Walter-Uhler-History_Liberty_Liberty_Philosophy-190326-566.html (accessed on 10 May 2024). ↩︎
2. Oral interview of Sergei Utechin, interviewed by Walter Uhler, 1997, Menlo Park, California. ↩︎
3. Walter Uhler, Sergei Vasilievich Utechin’s “You Tube” Reflections on Isaiah Berlin. ↩︎
4. Oral interview of Sergei Utechin, interviewed by Walter Uhler, 1997, Menlo Park, California. ↩︎
5. Sergei Utechin, “Reflexions of a Former Student,” Higher education quarterly, 9.4 (1955): 342-350. ↩︎
6. Morozov, Утехин С. В. Интервью. [Utechin S.V. Interview.]. ↩︎
7. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN], 2004, https://rrpolit.narod.ru/svu/istorik.htm (accessed on 2 June 2024). ↩︎
8. Morozov, Утехин С. В. Интервью. [Utechin S.V. Interview.]. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. ↩︎
9. “Marriages.”, The Times 19 March 1951:8 The Times Digital Archive, 1785-2019. Online (accessed on 21 May 2024). Nick Utechin obituary. The Times. December 22, 2022. Nexis Uni. Online (accessed 21 May, 2024). ↩︎
10. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
11. “BIOGRAPHICAL DATA FOR UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC RECORDS”, 14 March 1970, Eberly Family Special Collections Library, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
12. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
13. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. “National Archives at Washington, DC; Washington, D.C.; Seventeenth Census of the United States, 1950; Year: 1950; Census Place: San Mateo, San Mateo, California; Roll: 508; Page: 6; Enumeration District: 41-143,” Ancestry.com, Online (accessed on 30 July 2024). ↩︎
14. “INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE”, 21 May 1970, Eberly Family Special Collections Library, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
15. “Assignment Schedule for Faculty Appointment”, 1970; Eberly Family Special Collections Library, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
16. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
17. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
18. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
19. Oral interview of Gloria Rosenberger, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 28 May 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
20. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
21. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. Walter Uhler, Sergei Vasilievich Utechin’s “You Tube” Reflections on Isaiah Berlin. ↩︎
22. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
23. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN], 2004, https://rrpolit.narod.ru/svu/istorik.htm (accessed on 2 June 2024). ↩︎
24. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
25. Oral interview of Gloria Rosenberger, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 28 May 2024, State College, Pennsylvania.  ↩︎
26. Ibid. ↩︎
27. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
28. “BIOGRAPHICAL DATA FOR UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC RECORDS”. ↩︎
29. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
30. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
31. Oral interview of Gloria Rosenberger, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 28 May 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. “INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE”, 3 May 1984, Eberly Family Special Collections Library, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
32. Tinkoff-Utechin, T.A.S. “ANCIENT PAINTING FROM SOUTH RUSSIA: THE RAPE OF PERSEPHONE AT KERCH.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, no. 26 (1979): 13–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43646170. Packer, Margaret M. “RESEARCH IN CLASSICAL STUDIES FOR UNIVERSITY DEGREES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, no. 25 (1978): 179–208. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43645987. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
33. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
34. “Social Security Administration; Washington D.C., USA; Social Security Death Index, Master File,” Ancestry.com, Online (accessed on 30 July 2024). ↩︎
35. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. ↩︎
36. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
37. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
38. Oral interview of Walter Uhler, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 15 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
39. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. ↩︎
40. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
41. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. ↩︎
42. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. ↩︎
43. Sergei Utechin et al, Серьезно о Политике [Being serious about Politics], 2004, rrpolit.narod.ru/svu/o_politike1.htm (accessed on 23 May 2024). ↩︎
44. Oral interview of George Enteen, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 8 July 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. Oral interview of Gloria Rosenberger, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 28 May 2024, State College, Pennsylvania. Oral interview of Semion Lyandres, interviewed by Anastasiia Popova, 3 July 2024, online. ↩︎
45. George Enteen and Semion Lyandres, НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ: ИСТОРИК. [NATIONALITY:HISTORIAN]. ↩︎